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   OSI Model      Physical (Layer 1) OSI Model, Layer 1 conveys the bit stream - electrical impulse, light or radio signal  —  through the  network  at the electrical and mechanical level. It provides the  hardware  means of sending and receiving data on a carrier, including defining cables, cards and physical aspects.  Fast Ethernet ,  RS232 , and  ATM  are  protocols  with physical layer components. Data Link (Layer 2) At OSI Model, Layer 2, data packets are  encoded  and decoded into bits. It furnishes  transmission protocol  knowledge and management and handles errors in the physical layer, flow control and frame synchronization. The data link layer is divided into two sub layers: The Media Access Control ( MAC ) layer and the  Logical Link Control  (LLC) layer. The MAC sub layer controls how a computer on the network gains access to the data and perm...